test(ci): Visual Studio MSBuild on Windows

[Flash0ver]

Description

Recently, we run into issues with Sentry-package-consumer builds on Windows via Visual Studio's MSBuild and/or the .NET SDK bundles with Visual Studio: #4141, #4292
More related issues since creation: #4554

Let's improve and continuously test the development experience on Windows via Visual Studio for both building and consuming the Sentry .NET SDKs.

Option to catch related issues early
Add a CI build step on Windows-only that utilizes Visual Studio

• setup-msbuild Marketplace
• setup-msbuild Repository
• GitHub-hosted runners don't seem to have the latest version installed ... at the time of issue-creation where 17.14.6 has been released recently
  • windows-2025: Visual Studio Enterprise 2022 17.13.35825.156
  • windows-2022: Visual Studio Enterprise 2022 17.13.35825.156
  • windows-2019: Visual Studio Enterprise 2019 16.11.36107.64 Deprecated

Completed in #4300

Option to test related issues
Add an integration test for Windows-only that utilizes Visual Studio

• again, similar to above, we may not have the latest Visual Studio version available in the GitHub-hosted runners

Update:
May be a pre-release Workflow rather than a PR-check.

[bruno-garcia]

Last resort, but if we need to we can use our self hosted runner where we have devkits. We'd need to have a private fork for that though so would need to be a pre-release step only or something, not a per PR check.

[Flash0ver]

After #4300, we could still add more coverage for the user experience on Windows and Visual Studio via Integration Tests.

E.g.

• install Visual Studio, or the respective MSBuild tools, or the respective .NET SDK
  • matrix: supported (latest) versions of Visual Studio
    • [Visual Studio 2019 version 16.11)(https://learn.microsoft.com/visualstudio/releases/2019/servicing-vs2019) / .NET 5.0
    • Visual Studio 2022 / .NET 8.0 or .NET 9.0 (not sure if .NET 10 will remain fully supported on VS2022)
    • Visual Studio 2026 / .NET 10+
• create App
  • .NET Console App or UWP App or ...
  • Use Sentry
• add Sentry package
  • may pick netstandard2.0 lib depending on the target
• build app
  • may catch incompatibilities in the .props and .targets that we ship
  • may catch incompatibilities in the Roslyn Compiler Extensions (e.g. Analyzers, Source-Generators, ...) that we ship
• run app
  • may catch other issues at runtime