Add compatibility testing to CI

[MrAlias]

Follow up to #2118

• Add matrix entries for stable and oldstable versions of Go
• Explore compatibility testing for different versions of the Go packages being instrumented
  • For the kafka-go testing, investigate running a unified Kafka server

Prior Art

• [WIP] - add go version to e2e test matrix #2099

[daemon1024]

Hey @MrAlias I would like to take this up!

I see that #2099 was closed due to

The instability of our CI system needs to be addressed before we add additional test cases. The system is already very unstable and this will only make things worse.

Is the CI stable now? Is there a linked issue where we are discussing the stability of CI where I can pitch in?