Rollup merge of #149456 - joboet:async-safe-tid, r=Mark-Simulacrum

std: don't call `current_os_id` from signal handler

`current_os_id` is not always async-signal-safe depending on the platform, hence it may not be called from the SIGSEGV handler. Instead, store the thread ID along with the thread name during setup. With rust-lang/rust#144465 merged, this information is available even before the thread main function.

Author: matthiaskrgr