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Industrial radiography devices and gauges, fluid processing/level gauges
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Used for low-intensity sterilization of blood. Reactor radioisotope. [GNRIM]
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Used for low-intensity sterilization of blood and in brachytherapy. Reactor radioisotope. [GNRIM]
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"Used for radiotracer technique for identification of sources of soil erosion and deposition, as well as in density and fill height level switches. Also for low-intensity gamma sterilization."-[RII]
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@@ -634,6 +641,8 @@ Common radiography source. May be placed in a depleted uranium (DU) shield/pig
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Radiography and nondestructive testing devices. [NIDC]
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"Ir-192 serves as a gamma source essential for industrial radiographic non-destructive testing to detect structural damage to metal parts such as castings, forgings, and weld defects. Industrial gamma radiography plays a crucial role in ensuring the quality of manufacturing processes, particularly in sectors such as shipbuilding, auto manufacturing, and aerospace. Additionally, it is instrumental in performing on-site integrity assessments of oil and gas pipelines. This type of quality assessment is indispensable for upholding the reliability of U.S. infrastructure and supporting defense applications."-[DOE-QSA]
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Reactor radioisotope.
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</Notes>
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</Nuc>
@@ -703,7 +712,7 @@ Can be found with Lu-177m
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Lu-177m becomes more dominant with time.
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Production mode: Neutron capture on enriched Lu-176 target. Other companies are investigating the ytterbium production route which does not produce the Lu-177m impurity.
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Production mode: Usually produced by neutron activation of natural or enriched lutetium-176 targets or indirectly by neutron irradiation of Yb-176. The ytterbium production route does not produce the Lu-177m impurity.
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"Lu-177 is increasingly important as it emits just enough gamma for imaging while the beta radiation does the therapy on small (e.g. endocrine) tumors. Its half-life is long enough to allow sophisticated preparation for use. It is usually produced by neutron activation of natural or enriched lutetium-176 targets."-[GNRIM]
"Pb-212 is used in TAT for cancers or alpha radioimmunotherapy, with decay products Bi-212 (1 h) and Po-212 (0.3 µs) delivering the alpha particles. Used especially for melanoma, breast cancer and ovarian cancer. Demand is increasing. Used in peptide receptor radionuclide therapy (PRRT)."-[GNRIM]
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Ra-224 (3.66 d) is used for the generator for Pb-212 (10.64 h).-[GNRIM]
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Reactor radioisotope.
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Gamma spectroscopy notes:
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<ul>
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<li>The gamma signatures from Ra-224 and Pb-212 will look very similar. The only primary gamma emission that helps with distinguishing Ra-224 with its decay products from Pb-212 with its decay products is the Ra-224 gamma emission at 241.0 keV.</li>
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<li>For unshielded or lightly shielded sources, a NaI detector will not be able to distinguish Ra-224 with its decay products from Pb-212 with its decay products. However, an HPGe detector can allow you to resolve both the 238.6 keV Pb-212 peak (43.3% yield) and the 241.0 keV Ra-224 peak (4.1% yield).</li>
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<li>For a well shielded source (shielding the 238.6 keV and 241.0 keV peaks), neither a NaI or HPGe detector will be able to distinguish Ra-224 with its decay products from Pb-212 with its decay products.</li>
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<li>Lastly, the gamma signature for Ra-224 and Pb-212 will look like U-232/Th-228 since no strong gamma signatures occur in the U-232/Th-228 decay chain prior to Ra-224. This is especially true for low resolution spectrometers where you can’t resolve both the 238.6 keV Pb-212 and the 241.0 keV Ra-224 peaks.</li>
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</ul>
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</Notes>
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</Nuc>
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<Nucname="Ra-224">
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<Associated>Pb-212</Associated>
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<Notes>
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"Pb-212 is used in TAT for cancers or alpha radioimmunotherapy, with decay products Bi-212 (1 h) and Po-212 (0.3 µs) delivering the alpha particles. Used especially for melanoma, breast cancer and ovarian cancer. Demand is increasing. Used in peptide receptor radionuclide therapy (PRRT)."-[GNRIM]
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Ra-224 (3.66 d) is used for the generator for Pb-212 (10.64 h).-[GNRIM]
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Reactor radioisotope.
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Gamma spectroscopy notes
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<ul>
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<li>The gamma signatures from Ra-224 and Pb-212 will look very similar. The only primary gamma emission that helps with distinguishing Ra-224 with its decay products from Pb-212 with its decay products is the Ra-224 gamma emission at 241.0 keV.</li>
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<li>For unshielded or lightly shielded sources, a NaI detector will not be able to distinguish Ra-224 with its decay products from Pb-212 with its decay products. However, an HPGe detector can allow you to resolve both the 238.6 keV Pb-212 peak (43.3% yield) and the 241.0 keV Ra-224 peak (4.1% yield).</li>
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<li>For a well shielded source (shielding the 238.6 keV and 241.0 keV peaks), neither a NaI or HPGe detector will be able to distinguish Ra-224 with its decay products from Pb-212 with its decay products.</li>
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<li>Lastly, the gamma signature for Ra-224 and Pb-212 will look like U-232/Th-228 since no strong gamma signatures occur in the U-232/Th-228 decay chain prior to Ra-224. This is especially true for low resolution spectrometers where you can’t resolve both the 238.6 keV Pb-212 and the 241.0 keV Ra-224 peaks.</li>
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</ul>
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</Notes>
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</Nuc>
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<Nucname="Pd-103">
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<Associated></Associated>
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<Notes>
@@ -1044,7 +1101,7 @@ Tl-202 becomes more dominant with time.
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When Tl-201 medical shipments are made, the Tl can be heavily shielded resulting in the primary gamma signature being from high energy Tl-200 gamma emissions.
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Production mode: Tl-203(p,3n) Pb-201 -> Tl-201
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Production mode: Tl-203(p,3n) Pb-201 -> Tl-201
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Tl-201 X-rays combined with scatter and/or a gain shift in a NaI detector can generate a peak near 59.5 keV causing misidentification as Am-241.
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@@ -1188,4 +1245,4 @@ Zr-95 → Nb-95 activity ratio at transient equilibrium equals 1/2.205.
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