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17 | 17 | <h1>Science</h1> |
18 | 18 | <p class="post-meta">Published January 02, 2024</p> |
19 | 19 | <ul class="post-tags"><li>math</li><li>physics</li></ul> |
20 | | - <article id="post-body" aria-live="polite">Loading…</article> |
| 20 | + <article id="post-body"> |
| 21 | + <h3>Mathematics</h3> |
| 22 | +<ul> |
| 23 | +<li><strong><a href="https://github.com/streamcode9/os/blob/main/math.md">Math</a></strong></li> |
| 24 | +<li>c. 300 BCE – Euclid writes Elements, a foundational text in geometry and logical deduction.</li> |
| 25 | +<li>c. 250 BCE – Archimedes works on calculus-like methods and hydrostatics.</li> |
| 26 | +<li>c. 200 BCE – Apollonius develops conic sections.</li> |
| 27 | +<li>628 CE – Brahmagupta defines zero as a number and describes rules for arithmetic operations.</li> |
| 28 | +<li>1545 – Gerolamo Cardano publishes Ars Magna, solving cubic and quartic equations.</li> |
| 29 | +<li>1614 – John Napier publishes the first tables of logarithms.</li> |
| 30 | +<li>1637 – René Descartes introduces analytic geometry in La Géométrie.</li> |
| 31 | +<li>1665–1666 – Isaac Newton develops calculus and laws of motion.</li> |
| 32 | +<li>1684 – Leibniz publishes his version of calculus independently of Newton.</li> |
| 33 | +<li>1736 – Leonhard Euler founds graph theory with the Seven Bridges of Königsberg problem.</li> |
| 34 | +<li>1821 – Augustin-Louis Cauchy formalizes analysis, introduces rigorous definitions of limits and continuity.</li> |
| 35 | +<li>1854 – George Boole publishes An Investigation of the Laws of Thought, founding Boolean algebra.</li> |
| 36 | +<li>1874 – Georg Cantor founds set theory with his proof that real numbers are uncountable.</li> |
| 37 | +<li>1899 – David Hilbert publishes Foundations of Geometry, formalizing Euclidean geometry.</li> |
| 38 | +<li>1900 – Hilbert's 23 problems presented at the International Congress of Mathematicians.</li> |
| 39 | +<li>1931 – Kurt Gödel proves his incompleteness theorems, showing limits of formal systems.</li> |
| 40 | +<li>1936 – Alan Turing introduces the Turing machine, laying foundations for computer science.</li> |
| 41 | +<li>1945 – Von Neumann architecture for computers proposed.</li> |
| 42 | +<li>1963 – Paul Cohen proves the independence of the continuum hypothesis using forcing.</li> |
| 43 | +<li>1972 – Per Martin-Löf introduces <a href="/2025/04/05/mltt-72.html">Martin-Löf Type Theory</a>, foundational for constructive mathematics and computer science.</li> |
| 44 | +<li>1994 – Andrew Wiles proves Fermat’s Last Theorem, solving a 350-year-old problem.</li> |
| 45 | +<li><strong><a href="http://www.danfleisch.com/sgmoa/">Astro Math</a></strong> (Mathematics applied to celestial phenomena)</li> |
| 46 | +</ul> |
| 47 | +<h3>Physics</h3> |
| 48 | +<ul> |
| 49 | +<li>2000 <strong>Astronomy</strong></li> |
| 50 | +<li>1600 <strong>Optics</strong></li> |
| 51 | +<li>1687 <strong>Mechanics</strong></li> |
| 52 | +<li>1820 <strong>Electrodynamics</strong></li> |
| 53 | +<li>1824 <strong>Thermodynamics</strong></li> |
| 54 | +<li>1900 <strong>Quantum Physics</strong></li> |
| 55 | +<li>1905 <strong>Relativity</strong> (Special and General)</li> |
| 56 | +<li>1930 <strong>Particle Physics</strong></li> |
| 57 | +<li>1950 Nuclear Physics</li> |
| 58 | +<li>1960 Condensed Matter Physics</li> |
| 59 | +<li>1970 Quantum Field Theory</li> |
| 60 | +<li>1990 Quantum Information Science</li> |
| 61 | +<li>2000 Astroparticle Physics</li> |
| 62 | +<li>2015 Gravitational Wave Physics</li> |
| 63 | +</ul> |
| 64 | +<h3>Key Figures and Contributions</h3> |
| 65 | +<ul> |
| 66 | +<li><strong>Newton</strong> 1643 (Physics, mathematics, gravitation)</li> |
| 67 | +<li><strong>Charles Darwin</strong> 1809 (Evolutionary biology)</li> |
| 68 | +<li><strong>Karl Marx</strong> 1818 (Political theory, socio-economics)</li> |
| 69 | +<li><strong>Maxwell</strong> 1831 (Electromagnetism, advancements in electrical engineering)</li> |
| 70 | +<li><strong>Ivan Pavlov</strong> 1849 (Behavioral psychology, classical conditioning)</li> |
| 71 | +<li><strong>Tesla</strong> 1856 (Electromagnetism, advancements in electrical engineering)</li> |
| 72 | +<li><strong>Bertrand Russell</strong> 1872 (Philosophy, mathematical logic)</li> |
| 73 | +<li><strong>Einstein</strong> 1879 (Relativity, quantum theory)</li> |
| 74 | +<li>Lev Landau 1908 (Theoretical physics, quantum mechanics, condensed matter, Landau theory of phase transitions)</li> |
| 75 | +<li><strong>Feynman</strong> 1918 (Quantum physics, popular science communicator)</li> |
| 76 | +</ul> |
| 77 | +<h3>Philosophy and Methods</h3> |
| 78 | +<ul> |
| 79 | +<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_method">Scientific Method</a> (Systematic approaches to scientific inquiry)</li> |
| 80 | +<li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/TRIZ">TRIZ</a> (Theory of inventive problem solving)</li> |
| 81 | +<li>Critical Thinking (Evaluation of arguments and evidence)</li> |
| 82 | +<li>Humanism</li> |
| 83 | +<li>Education = dedication</li> |
| 84 | +<li>Learn by doing</li> |
| 85 | +<li>You don't stop learning |
| 86 | + because you grow old. |
| 87 | + You grow old |
| 88 | + because you stop learning<ul> |
| 89 | +<li>R. Feynman</li> |
| 90 | +</ul> |
| 91 | +</li> |
| 92 | +<li>3x5 why analysis</li> |
| 93 | +<li>Deliberate practice</li> |
| 94 | +<li>Simulation modeling</li> |
| 95 | +<li>Doing something poorly today is better than doing something well but never.</li> |
| 96 | +<li>The point of learning new framework is not to accomplish something with it, but rather to engage in deliberate practice to understand its limitations as a technology. But if you’re coding just for the sake of it without producing anything tangible, it’s a waste of time—there should be artifacts of your efforts left behind.</li> |
| 97 | +<li>New skills are considered not separately, but in connection with all other skills</li> |
| 98 | +<li>Knowledge of a few principles relieves the need to know many facts</li> |
| 99 | +<li>Accordingly, if you learn a general principle, you should eliminate redundancy in your mind to make room for more information</li> |
| 100 | +<li>Study what you use constantly</li> |
| 101 | +<li>Replace specific knowledge that you use constantly with general knowledge of the same kind</li> |
| 102 | +</ul> |
| 103 | + </article> |
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