|
1 | | -# Science |
| 1 | +### Mathematics |
| 2 | +- **[Math](https://github.com/streamcode9/os/blob/main/math.md)** |
| 3 | +- c. 300 BCE – Euclid writes Elements, a foundational text in geometry and logical deduction. |
| 4 | +- c. 250 BCE – Archimedes works on calculus-like methods and hydrostatics. |
| 5 | +- c. 200 BCE – Apollonius develops conic sections. |
| 6 | +- 628 CE – Brahmagupta defines zero as a number and describes rules for arithmetic operations. |
| 7 | +- 1545 – Gerolamo Cardano publishes Ars Magna, solving cubic and quartic equations. |
| 8 | +- 1614 – John Napier publishes the first tables of logarithms. |
| 9 | +- 1637 – René Descartes introduces analytic geometry in La Géométrie. |
| 10 | +- 1665–1666 – Isaac Newton develops calculus and laws of motion. |
| 11 | +- 1684 – Leibniz publishes his version of calculus independently of Newton. |
| 12 | +- 1736 – Leonhard Euler founds graph theory with the Seven Bridges of Königsberg problem. |
| 13 | +- 1821 – Augustin-Louis Cauchy formalizes analysis, introduces rigorous definitions of limits and continuity. |
| 14 | +- 1854 – George Boole publishes An Investigation of the Laws of Thought, founding Boolean algebra. |
| 15 | +- 1874 – Georg Cantor founds set theory with his proof that real numbers are uncountable. |
| 16 | +- 1899 – David Hilbert publishes Foundations of Geometry, formalizing Euclidean geometry. |
| 17 | +- 1900 – Hilbert's 23 problems presented at the International Congress of Mathematicians. |
| 18 | +- 1931 – Kurt Gödel proves his incompleteness theorems, showing limits of formal systems. |
| 19 | +- 1936 – Alan Turing introduces the Turing machine, laying foundations for computer science. |
| 20 | +- 1945 – Von Neumann architecture for computers proposed. |
| 21 | +- 1963 – Paul Cohen proves the independence of the continuum hypothesis using forcing. |
| 22 | +- 1972 – Per Martin-Löf introduces [Martin-Löf Type Theory](/2025/04/05/mltt-72.html), foundational for constructive mathematics and computer science. |
| 23 | +- 1994 – Andrew Wiles proves Fermat’s Last Theorem, solving a 350-year-old problem. |
| 24 | +- **[Astro Math](http://www.danfleisch.com/sgmoa/)** (Mathematics applied to celestial phenomena) |
2 | 25 |
|
3 | | -Mathematics |
| 26 | +### Physics |
| 27 | +- 2000 **Astronomy** |
| 28 | +- 1600 **Optics** |
| 29 | +- 1687 **Mechanics** |
| 30 | +- 1820 **Electrodynamics** |
| 31 | +- 1824 **Thermodynamics** |
| 32 | +- 1900 **Quantum Physics** |
| 33 | +- 1905 **Relativity** (Special and General) |
| 34 | +- 1930 **Particle Physics** |
| 35 | +- 1950 Nuclear Physics |
| 36 | +- 1960 Condensed Matter Physics |
| 37 | +- 1970 Quantum Field Theory |
| 38 | +- 1990 Quantum Information Science |
| 39 | +- 2000 Astroparticle Physics |
| 40 | +- 2015 Gravitational Wave Physics |
4 | 41 |
|
5 | | -Tags: math, physics |
6 | | -Categories: science |
| 42 | +### Key Figures and Contributions |
| 43 | +- **Newton** 1643 (Physics, mathematics, gravitation) |
| 44 | +- **Charles Darwin** 1809 (Evolutionary biology) |
| 45 | +- **Karl Marx** 1818 (Political theory, socio-economics) |
| 46 | +- **Maxwell** 1831 (Electromagnetism, advancements in electrical engineering) |
| 47 | +- **Ivan Pavlov** 1849 (Behavioral psychology, classical conditioning) |
| 48 | +- **Tesla** 1856 (Electromagnetism, advancements in electrical engineering) |
| 49 | +- **Bertrand Russell** 1872 (Philosophy, mathematical logic) |
| 50 | +- **Einstein** 1879 (Relativity, quantum theory) |
| 51 | +- Lev Landau 1908 (Theoretical physics, quantum mechanics, condensed matter, Landau theory of phase transitions) |
| 52 | +- **Feynman** 1918 (Quantum physics, popular science communicator) |
| 53 | + |
| 54 | +### Philosophy and Methods |
| 55 | +* [Scientific Method](https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_method) (Systematic approaches to scientific inquiry) |
| 56 | +* [TRIZ](https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/TRIZ) (Theory of inventive problem solving) |
| 57 | +* Critical Thinking (Evaluation of arguments and evidence) |
| 58 | +* Humanism |
| 59 | +* Education = dedication |
| 60 | + * Learn by doing |
| 61 | + * You don't stop learning |
| 62 | + because you grow old. |
| 63 | + You grow old |
| 64 | + because you stop learning |
| 65 | + - R. Feynman |
| 66 | + * 3x5 why analysis |
| 67 | +* Deliberate practice |
| 68 | + * Simulation modeling |
| 69 | + * Doing something poorly today is better than doing something well but never. |
| 70 | + * The point of learning new framework is not to accomplish something with it, but rather to engage in deliberate practice to understand its limitations as a technology. But if you’re coding just for the sake of it without producing anything tangible, it’s a waste of time—there should be artifacts of your efforts left behind. |
| 71 | + * New skills are considered not separately, but in connection with all other skills |
| 72 | + * Knowledge of a few principles relieves the need to know many facts |
| 73 | + * Accordingly, if you learn a general principle, you should eliminate redundancy in your mind to make room for more information |
| 74 | + * Study what you use constantly |
| 75 | + * Replace specific knowledge that you use constantly with general knowledge of the same kind |
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