What is the difference?
This section covers differences in various topics.
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This is a list of top posts that members of the community have created. These are the posts folks have generally continued coming back to over and over again, so we created this page to make some of these more discoverable. Hopefully you better understand some of the differences here once you've found the guide you need!
Redux vs Context API: When to use them
Using then() vs Async/Await in JavaScript
Kubernetes Ingress vs Service Mesh
Constructors in Python (init vs __new)
When to Use Server-Side rendering vs Static Generation in Next.js
CSS Modules vs CSS-in-JS. Who wins?
Cloud Run vs App Engine: a head-to-head comparison using facts and science
Logical OR (||) vs Nullish Coalescing Operator (??) in JavaScript
Server-Side Rendering (SSR) Vs Client-Side Rendering (CSR)
Asp Net Core - Rest API Authorization with JWT (Roles Vs Claims Vs Policy) - Step by Step
web3.js vs ethers.js: a Comparison of Web3 Libraries
Cookies vs Local Storage vs Session Storage
LocalStorage vs Cookies: All You Need To Know About Storing JWT Tokens Securely in The Front-End
TailwindCSS vs Styled-Components in ReactJs
JSX.Element vs ReactElement vs ReactNode
useState() vs setState() - Strings, Objects, and Arrays
React: class components vs function components
Supabase Vs Firebase Pricing and When To Use Which
for loop vs .map() for making multiple API calls
🤝 Promise.allSettled() VS Promise.all() in JavaScript 🍭
React vs Vue vs Angular vs Svelte
Azure Artifacts vs Build Artifacts vs Pipeline Artifacts: Difference EXPLAINED!
When to use Svelte vs SvelteKit vs Sapper?
C#, Task.WhenAll vs Parallel.ForEach
Serverless Framework vs SAM vs AWS CDK
Angular: Setters vs ngOnChanges - which one is better?
Interview question: heap vs stack (C#)
JS interview in 2 minutes / Static vs Dynamic typing
DynamoDB Scan Vs Query Operation Experiment Result
componentWillMount() vs componentDidMount()
Anonymous Functions vs Named Functions vs Arrow Functions
Flexbox - Align Items vs Align Content.
Vue vs React: What to choose in 2021?
Laravel Jetstream vs Breeze vs Laravel/ui
Linux Vs Windows - Why Linux Is Better For Programming & Web Dev (A newbie experience)
Fibonacci: Recursion vs Iteration
TypedDict vs dataclasses in Python — Epic typing BATTLE!
Callback vs Promises vs Async Await
Poetry vs pip: Or How to Forget Forever "requirements.txt" Cheat Sheet for Beginners
Cypress vs WebdriverIO | Which one to pick?
Type Aliases vs Interfaces in TypeScript
Django vs Mern Which one to choose?
YYYY vs yyyy - The day the Java Date Formatter hurt my brain
JavaScript - debounce vs throttle ⏱
Go: Fiber vs Echo (a developer point)
RxJS debounce vs throttle vs audit vs sample — Difference You Should Know
Laravel vs Node.js - Which One Is The Best Back-End To Choose In 2021?
Composer update Vs Composer Install
Concurrency in modern programming languages: Rust vs Go vs Java vs Node.js vs Deno vs .NET 6
Angular vs Blazor? A decision aid for web developers in 2022
Eager Loading VS Lazy Loading in SQLAlchemy
React vs Vue: Popular Front end frameworks in 2022
OpenAPI spec (swagger) v2 vs v3
apt update vs apt upgrade: What's the difference?
Framework vs library vs package vs module: The debate
What Should You Put in a Constructor vs ngOnInit in Angular
Ionic vs React Nactive vs Flutter
Selenium vs The World Faster Clicker
Redux VS React Context: Which one should you choose?
Styled components vs Emotion js: A performance perspective
MongoDB: Normalization vs Denormalization
Laravel vs ASP.NET Framework | Which is Better For Your Project?
The last-child vs last-of-type selector in CSS
Moq vs NSubstitute - Who is the winner?
CSS solutions Battle: Compile time CSS-in-JS vs CSS-in-JS vs CSS Modules vs SASS
querySelector vs getElementById
React Virtualization - react-window vs react-virtuoso
The Development vs Production Environments
npm vs npx - which to use when?
Immediate vs eventual consistency
Join vs includes vs eager load vs preload
Centralized vs Distributed Systems in a nutshell
Flutter vs React Native Comparison - Which Use for Your Project in 2022
insertAdjacentHTML vs innerHTML
Generics vs Function Overloading vs Union Type Arguments in TypeScript
What’s the difference: A/B Testing VS Blue/Green Deployment?
Publisher Subscriber vs Observer pattern with C#
Persistent vs Non-Persistent Connections | Creating a Multiplayer Game Server - Part 2
package.json vs package-lock.json: do you need both?
Double Quotes vs Single Quotes in PHP
RxJS operators: retry vs repeat?
CAP Theorem: Availability vs consistency
Scaling Airflow – Astronomer Vs Cloud Composer Vs Managed Workflows For Apache Airflow
MySQL vs MySQLi vs PDO Performance Benchmark, Difference and Security Comparison
For PHP devs - PHP Storm vs VSCode
Difference Between Message vs Event vs Command
Document vs Relational Databases
Telegraf VS Node-Telegram-Bot-API
Flatpak vs Snaps vs AppImage vs Packages - Linux packaging formats compared
Pytest vs Cypress: A fair fight in UI testing?
Inline vs Inline-block vs Block
Logging vs Tracing: Why Logs Aren’t Enough to Debug Your Microservices
Solidity Gas Optimizations pt.1 - Memory vs Storage
Custom react hooks vs services
Global vs Local State in React
The What, Why, and When of Mono-Lambda vs Single Function APIs
Frontend vs Backend: Which One Is Right For You?
What is the difference between Library vs Framework?
npm vs yarn vs pnpm commands cheatsheet
DataBindingUtil.inflate vs View Binding Inflate
Includes() vs indexOf() in JavaScript
useEffect vs useLayoutEffect: the difference and when to use them
Ruby Modules: include vs extend vs prepend
CSP vs Actor model for concurrency
Rust Concept Clarification: Deref vs AsRef vs Borrow vs Cow
Creating a countdown timer RxJS vs Vanilla JS
Asynchronous vs Synchronous Programming
SOAP vs REST vs gRPC vs GraphQL
PyQT vs wxPython: Which GUI module for your project?
Infrastructure-as-Code vs Configuration Management
Head recursion Vs Tail recursion
Dev.to VS Hashnode VS Medium: Pick ONE
Classes vs Functional components in React
The Battle of the Array Titans: Lodash vs Vanilla - An Experiment
AWS EventBridge vs S3 Notification
JavaScript vs JavaScript. Fight!
Interface vs Type in Typescript
setTimeout vs setImmediate vs process.nextTick
Kotlin Multiplatform vs Flutter: Which One to Choose for Your Apps
Supervised Learning vs Unsupervised Learning
React Hooks API vs Vue Composition API, as explored through useState
DEV VS Hashnode VS Medium: Where Should You Start Your Tech Blog
Implementing React Routes (Part -2) Link Vs NavLink
Postman vs Insomnia: which API testing tool do you use?
Serif vs Sans-serif vs Monospaced
Getting started with fp-ts: Either vs Validation
Typescript Implicit vs Explicit types
Understanding Offset vs Cursor based pagination
Material Design 1 vs Material Design 2
Signed vs Unsigned Bit Integers: What Does It Mean and What's The Difference?
default vs null - which is a better choice, and why?
SpringBoot2 Blocking Web vs Reactive Web
JSON-RPC vs REST for distributed platform APIs
Explain RBAC vs ACL Like I'm Five
Difference between Dialogflow CX vs Dialogflow ES
API keys vs JWT authorization – Which is best?
AWS vs OCI Object Storage options and comparison
Pointer vs Reference in C++: The Final Guide
Comparing reactivity models - React vs Vue vs Svelte vs MobX vs Solid vs Redux
Frontend vs Backend, which do you prefer and why?
Remix vs Next.js: A Detailed Comparison
NodeJS vs Apache performance battle for the conquest of my ❤️ ⚔️
Functional vs Object Oriented vs Procedural programming
Laravel ORM vs Query Builder vs SQL: SPEED TEST!
TypeScript ANY vs UNKNOWN—A Deep Dive
MVC vs MVP vs MVVM Design Patterns
Database Views vs Table Functions
Server Side Rendering vs Static Site Generation vs Incremental Static Regeneration
Understanding Rendering in Web Apps: SPA vs MPA
'any' vs 'unknown' in TypeScript 👀
TypeORM - Multiple DB Calls vs Single DB Call
Benchmarking Python JSON serializers - json vs ujson vs orjson
Opinion: Architect VS Engineer VS Developer
Jenkins pipeline: agent vs node?
Hibernate Naming Strategies: JPA Specification vs Spring Boot Opinionation
Unique Identifiers: UUID vs NanoID
A comparison of state management in React with Mobx vs State lifting
Meteor vs Next? A brutally honest answer
Python Packaging: sdist vs bdist
JavaScript array methods: Mutator VS Non-mutator and the returning value
Uint vs Int. Qual a diferença em Go?
Understanding Rendering in Web Apps: CSR vs SSR
Web3: Truffle VS Hardhat VS Embark VS Brownie
The one about CSS vs CSS in JS
React Hooks vs Svelte - Why I chose Svelte?
looking for answers !, strapi vs nest js for my next project
Pagination in an API: page number vs start index
SVG sprites vs CSS background image for multiple instances of icons
Javascript Streams vs Generators
JS Date vs Moment.js: A Really Simple Comparison
return Task vs return await Task
Front-end vs Back-end, and Static vs Dynamic Websites
setImmediate() vs setTimeout() vs process.nextTick()
Solace PubSub+ vs Kafka: The Basics
Agency VS Product Company: Which One's Right for You?
Stateless vs Stateful - Which direction should you take?
Clean Architecture vs Vertical Slice Architecture
Functional programming vs object oriented programming
Using Array.prototype.includes() vs Set.prototype.has() to filter arrays
Database (Schema) migration to Kubernetes - initContainers vs k8s jobs -
Gatsby vs Next.JS - What, Why and When?
Which is faster: obj.hasOwnProperty(prop) vs Object.keys(obj).includes(prop)
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- User session information is stored at the backend server in a database or session storage, returns a unique session id to the user
- All the relevant information about the user's login such as profile data, roles and permissions, user settings are possibly stored along with session information.
Advantages
- Client doesn't have to worry about handling session at client side app
Disadvantages
- Increases the server load
- Scalability issues due to sticky session
- User information is encrypted and returned to the client by the backend server in the form of json web token
- No session information is stored in the backend server
Advantages
- No separate stored needed
- Scalability is easier
Disadvantages
- Invalidating a jwt is not easy, with session, it can be simply deleted from the session store
- Data in the jwt can become stale
- Token expires after the set time, client has to request for a new token, server has to issue new jwt
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Fundamental to understanding the significant differences between the Classic ELB and the ALB is identifying the differences in how they handle and route requests. And the key to this is a basic understanding of the OSI Model. The Open Systems Interconnection Model, or OSI Model, is a conceptual model which is used to facilitate communications between different computing systems.
Individual layers within the OSI Model are supported by the layer below it. Layer 1 is the physical layer, and represents the physical medium across which the request is sent. This medium could be an optical fiber, CAT-5 cable or another transport technology. Layer 2 describes the data link layer, Layer 3 (the network layer), and on up until Layer 7, which serves the application layer. You can learn more about the OSI layer and its history on Wikipedia.
The Classic ELB operates at Layer 4. Layer 4 represents the transport layer, and is controlled by the protocol being used to transmit the request. For web applications, this will most commonly be the TCP/IP protocol, although UDP may also be used. A network device, of which the Classic ELB is an example, reads the protocol and port of the incoming request, and then routes it to one or more backend servers.
In contrast, the ALB operates at Layer 7. Layer 7 represents the application layer, and as such allows for the redirection of traffic based on the content of the request. Whereas a request to a specific URL backed by a Classic ELB would only enable routing to a particular pool of homogeneous servers, the ALB can route based on the content of the URL, and direct to a specific subgroup of backing servers existing in a heterogeneous collection registered with the load balancer.
The Classic ELB is a simple load balancer, is easy to configure, and given its longer history as a product, most AWS engineers are familiar with the product and have used it in the past. If your environment consists of clearly defined services which can each be mapped to a specific address, then the Classic ELB is the logical choice.
Like the more advanced ALB, the Classic ELB supports:
- SSL Termination
- Sticky Sessions
- Termination of Idle Sessions
- Completion of Requests to Instances In The Process Of Being Marked Unhealthy.
This decision ultimately depends on your environment. If you are currently supporting an environment where each collection of servers has its load balancer, and there is a direct mapping between URL and service, the Classic ELB is probably the best option for you.
Consider ALB If you have EC2-based microservices and considering implementing container-based infrastructure going forward.
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React is client side rendering.
Next.js is an open-source React-powered framework for creating performant websites and applications. It was built by Vercel and has grown in popularity since its release in 2016.
A major season behind Next.js’ rise to fame is its built-in SSR functionality. This allows developers to create fast-loading websites. The SSR feature also makes Next.js an SEO-friendly framework, which is why developers often use it to build blogs and landing pages.
Server-side rendering allows us to pre-render the HTML on the server and send it to the client. This means that users who visit a Next.js-powered website will see the fully rendered content immediately without waiting for JavaScript to load.
Static-site generation generates HTML files during the build phase, which are then served to the client as static files. This means every page is pre-rendered and ready to be served instantly without the need for server-side processing.
SSG is good for content that doesn’t change often, like blogs and documentation. By default, Next.js pre-renders pages using SSG.
Next.js provides built-in image optimization via a custom image component called next/image. This custom image component is a wrapper around the standard HTML img element. The only difference is that next/image automatically handles image optimization, allowing us to focus on other development tasks.
The benefits of the image component include:
It automatically serves images in next-gen image formats like WebP and AVIF, ensuring optimum performance and fast loading times Provides lazy loading and image blur while loading Avoids Cumulative Layout Shift (CLS) while rendering the images, leading to better Core Web Vitals (CWV) Allows us to serve responsive images by defining custom breakpoints through its sizes prop
Prefetching is a feature of Next.js’ routing and navigation system, and it is built into the custom Link component. Once a route is inside the viewport, Next.js automatically starts loading the resources for that route in the background.
This means that when a user finally clicks on a prefetched route, the route will load faster because the necessary resources are already available.
Next.js provides a font package, next/font, which automatically optimizes fonts and eliminates external network requests for improved privacy and performance. The next/font package works with Google, custom, and local fonts.
Benefits of next/font include:
Automatic font optimization Improves website performance Supports Google fonts and local font Built-in automatic self-hosting for font files, which eliminates layout shift
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CloudTrail collects data related to user activity and API usage for auditing and security purposes, while CloudWatch collects metrics and logs to monitor, manage, and optimize system performance and operational health. Both provide critical insights but serve different aspects of cloud management.read
The right order depends on your architecture and use case. Here’s a breakdown of both approaches:📌 When to use:
- You have multiple API gateways (regional deployments, multi-cloud, or redundancy).
- You want to distribute traffic across different API gateway instances.
- You need an extra layer of fault tolerance at the load balancer level.
- Ideal for high availability and scaling before hitting the API gateway.
🛠 Architecture Flow:
Client → Load Balancer → API Gateway → Microservices
✅ Pros:
✔️ Distributes traffic across multiple API gateways.
✔️ Handles network-level load balancing before API-level processing.
✔️ Adds an extra layer of failover protection.
❌ Cons:
❌ Extra hop before reaching API Gateway.
❌ Can introduce some latency.
📌 When to use:
- You have a single API Gateway (e.g., AWS API Gateway, Kong, Apigee, etc.).
- You want the API Gateway to handle authentication, rate limiting, caching, and security first.
- The API Gateway should decide how to route requests (e.g., REST vs. GraphQL).
🛠 Architecture Flow:
Client → API Gateway → Load Balancer → Microservices
✅ Pros:
✔️ API Gateway can handle authentication, logging, and request transformation early.
✔️ Security policies (WAF, rate limiting) are enforced before load balancing.
✔️ Works well for monolithic API backends that need load balancing internally.
❌ Cons:
❌ The API Gateway could become a bottleneck if overloaded.
❌ Less flexible if you need multi-region or multi-gateway deployments.
✅ For Global, High-Traffic, Multi-Region Systems:
➡️ Use Load Balancer First → API Gateway for better redundancy and failover.
✅ For API-Heavy Systems with Security Concerns:
➡️ Use API Gateway First → Load Balancer if the gateway needs to handle authentication, rate limiting, and transformations first.
🔹 Best of Both?
A hybrid approach can be used where a global load balancer distributes traffic across multiple regional API gateways, and then those gateways route traffic to their own internal load balancers.
Example with AWS:
1️⃣ AWS ALB → API Gateway (for multiple API Gateway instances)
2️⃣ API Gateway → ALB (for routing to backend services behind load balancer)
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| Feature | PFX (.pfx, .p12) | CERT (.crt, .cert, .pem) |
|---|---|---|
| Full Name | Personal Information Exchange (PKCS#12) | Certificate File (X.509 Standard) |
| Contains | ✅ Certificate, ✅ Private Key, ✅ CA Chain (optional) | ✅ Only Public Certificate |
| Encryption | 🔒 Encrypted & Password-Protected | ❌ Not Encrypted (plain text) |
| Best For | ✅ Windows IIS, ✅ .NET Kestrel, ✅ Secure Storage | ✅ Linux, ✅ Nginx, ✅ Apache, ✅ Kubernetes |
| File Format | Binary (Cannot be opened in a text editor) | Base64 (PEM) or Binary (DER) |
| Extensions | .pfx, .p12 | .crt, .cert, .pem |
| Conversion | Can be converted to .crt + .key | Needs .key file to become .pfx |
✔ Use .pfx when you need to store both the certificate + private key together, such as for:
- .NET applications running on Kestrel in Docker or Windows
- Windows IIS
- Secure storage & backup of certificates
✔ Use .crt + .key when:
- You’re configuring Nginx, Apache, Kubernetes Ingress, or Load Balancers
- SSL termination is done by a reverse proxy or cloud provider (AWS, Azure, GCP)
openssl pkcs12 -in mycert.pfx -clcerts -nokeys -out mycert.crt
openssl pkcs12 -in mycert.pfx -nocerts -nodes -out mycert.key
openssl pkcs12 -export -out mycert.pfx -inkey mycert.key -in mycert.crt
-
.pfxis a PKCS#12 bundle containing both certificate + private key. -
.crt(or.cert) contains only the public certificate (needs.keyfor private key). -
.pfxis best for Windows IIS, .NET, Kestrel, while.crtis best for Linux, Nginx, Apache. -
Conversion between them is possible using
openssl.
Would you like help setting up SSL in your .NET API using PFX in Docker? 🚀
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Amazon S3 (Simple Storage Service) and EBS (Elastic Block Store) serve different purposes in AWS. Here's a detailed comparison to help you choose the right one.
| Feature | Amazon S3 (Simple Storage Service) | Amazon EBS (Elastic Block Store) |
|---|---|---|
| Type | Object Storage | Block Storage |
| Use Case | Storing & retrieving any amount of data from anywhere | Persistent storage for EC2 instances |
| Data Access | HTTP(S) via REST API (eventually consistent) | Low-latency, high-performance block storage |
| Performance | High throughput, but not low latency | High IOPS (thousands of IOPS per volume) |
| Availability | 99.99%+ | 99.99% within an Availability Zone |
| Durability | 99.999999999% (11 9s) | AZ-level durability |
| Backup & Snapshot | No need, built-in durability | Requires manual snapshots |
| Scaling | Automatically scalable | Limited by instance type & needs manual scaling |
| Cost | Pay per GB stored | Pay per provisioned volume |
- Use S3 for scalable, durable object storage.
- Use EBS for high-performance, low-latency block storage attached to EC2.
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Great question — especially for the banking domain, where decisions on architecture directly impact scalability, compliance, security, and developer velocity.
Let’s break down the differences between Monorepo vs Monolith in the context of a multi-application Next.js banking portal, and help decide what’s best for you.
| Term | What It Means |
|---|---|
| Monolith | Single deployable application with all logic, frontend and backend bundled together. |
| Monorepo | Multiple logical applications/services share a single codebase, but may have their own builds, backends, or deployments. |
| Modular Monolith | Monolith that is structured like microservices, with clean module boundaries but runs as a single app. |
| Feature | Monolith | Monorepo (Modular Micro-Apps) |
|---|---|---|
| Structure | One app, one frontend, one backend | One repo, multiple apps (e.g. accounts, loans, offers) |
| Coupling | Tight | Loosely coupled (via folders/services) |
| Deployment | One pipeline for everything | Each app can have its own pipeline |
| Shared Code | Trivial (just import) | Easy via shared packages |
| Performance | Optimized runtime | May add some overhead if not well-managed |
| Dev Experience | Easy for small teams | Great for large teams with domain ownership |
| Scalability | Harder to scale specific parts | Apps can scale independently |
| Team Collaboration | Slower with growing team | Enables domain-based teams (Cards, Loans, etc.) |
| Failure Isolation | A bug in one feature can crash whole app | Can isolate failures to sub-apps/services |
| Security & Compliance | Shared context can lead to leakage | Better isolation of PCI, KYC, GDPR data |
| Flexibility | Faster for small MVP | Ideal for long-term, multi-team systems |
| Use Case | Recommendation | Why |
|---|---|---|
| MVP, <5 engineers | Monolith | Quick to build, deploy, and iterate |
| Scaling to multiple domains (e.g., Loans, Offers, Accounts) | Monorepo with modular apps | Enables isolated dev & deployment with unified UI |
| Need for strong security, domain boundaries, and scaling | Monorepo with backend microservices | Enables compliance, auditing, and independent scaling |
| Multi-team development (10+ engineers) | Monorepo + Turborepo + shared UI/auth packages | Promotes autonomy, avoids PR bottlenecks |
| Long-term architecture | Monorepo evolving into Micro Frontends (if needed) | Future-proofs your system |
Monorepo (Turborepo)
├── apps/
│ ├── portal/ (Next.js unified shell)
│ ├── api-loans/ (Java Spring Boot)
│ ├── api-accounts/ (FastAPI or Node)
├── packages/
│ ├── ui/ (Tailwind + shadcn/ui)
│ ├── auth/ (JWT/NextAuth utilities)
│ └── hooks/ (Shared logic)
You get the best of both worlds:
- One repo
- Modular apps
- Clear ownership
- Unified UX
- Zero iframes
- Room to scale to true microfrontends
| You want... | Choose |
|---|---|
| Fast MVP | 🧱 Monolith |
| Scalable, secure, modular banking platform | 🚀 Monorepo with modular Next.js apps |
| Extreme isolation + dynamic loading | 🧬 Module Federation (optional) |