fix show of self referential arrays

[adienes]

see the tests for some MWE this fixes

closes #47280

[adienes]

look ok?

• this only touches display code
• it turns a stackoverflow into correct behavior + adds test

[vtjnash]

I thought this was usually only handled at the start of applicable show methods, not each element (part 1 but not part 2 of this PR)?

[adienes]

ok, I just check it in function show(io::IO, X::AbstractArray) now

note that the alignment is a bit funky for showing in REPL

julia> m = Any[1 2; 3 4];

julia> m[1] = m
2×2 Matrix{Any}:
  2×2 Matrix{Any}:#= circular reference @-1 =#  2
 3                              4

but fixing the alignment seems quite involved and ideally I'd leave that to a separate PR

edit: looks like that issue is #40547