🌐 BCP47Tag

🪐 Don’t panic. Your tag is valid.

Validate, Normalize & Canonicalize BCP 47 Language Tags (en, en-US, zh-Hant-CN, etc.)

BCP47Tag is a robust PHP library for working with BCP 47 language tags:

• ✔️ Validates against the real IANA Language Subtag Registry
• ✔️ ABNF-compliant (RFC 5646)
• ✔️ Supports language, script, region, variant, grandfathered tags
• ✔️ Auto-normalizes casing & separators (en_us → en-US)
• ✔️ Automatically expands collapsed ranges from the registry
• ✔️ Resolves partial language tags (e.g., en → en-US) using custom canonical matching, with scoring
• ✔️ Error handling via clear exception types
• ✔️ Lightweight LanguageTag VO for validated tags
• ✔️ Works perfectly with ext-intl—no surprises upon feeding ICU
• ✔️ Easy fallback mechanism
• ️🫧 Supports grandfathered tags so old, they still remember when Unicode 2.0 was hot
• 🖖 Accepts i-klingon and i-enochian for your occult projects
• 🤓 ABNF so clean, linguists shed a single tear

---

❓ Why not just use ext-intl?

Good question — and the answer is: you should keep using it! ext-intl (ICU) is brilliant at formatting if your tag is clean.

However, it does not:

• ✅ Validate that your tag fully follows the BCP 47 ABNF rules.
• ✅ Reject or warn about grandfathered or deprecated subtags.
• ✅ Match your tags against the authoritative IANA Language Subtag Registry.
• ✅ Resolve partial input (en → en-US) to a known canonical list.
• ✅ Enforce known tags only with knownTags + requireCanonical.

If you’re in Symfony, you might also use #[Assert\Locale] for basic input validation.
And that’s fine for checking user input — but it stops at structure. It won’t canonicalize, resolve, or check IANA.

👉 So the best practice:

• ✅ Use BCP47Tag to validate & normalize.
• ✅ Hand the cleaned tag to ext-intl or whatever else you have for formatting & display.
• ✅ Trust you’ll never feed ICU any garbage.
• ✅ Carry around immutable LanguageTag value object across your code base instead of string

BCP47Tag: RFC 5646 + IANA + real normalization + fallback + resolution.
No hustle with regex, str_replace() or guesswork.

---

⚡️ Installation

composer require lhcze/bcp47-tag

---

🚀 Basic Usage

use LHcze\BCP47\BCP47Tag;

// Just normalize & validate
$tag = new BCP47Tag('en_us');
echo $tag->getNormalized();    // "en-US"
echo $tag->getICUformat();   // "en_US"

// With canonical matching
$tag = new BCP47Tag('en', useCanonicalMatchTags: ['de-DE', 'en-US']);
echo $tag->getNormalized();    // "en-US"

// Use fallback if invalid
$tag = new BCP47Tag('notreal', 'fr-FR');
echo $tag->getNormalized(); // fr-FR

// Invalid input → exception
try {
    new BCP47Tag('invalid!!');
} catch (BCP47InvalidLocaleException $e) {
    echo $e->getMessage();
}

// Feed to ext-intl
$icu = $tag->getICULocale(); // en_US
echo Locale::getDisplayLanguage($icu); // English

// LanguageTag VO
$langTag = $tag->getLanguageTag();
echo $langTag->getLanguage();  // "en"
echo $langTag->getRegion();    // "US"
echo (string) $langTag;        // "en-US"

---

🔍 Features & Flow

1. Normalize + parse
   Clean casing/formatting and parse into components.

2. Validate against IANA
   Broken input or fallback triggers explicit exceptions:

   • BCP47InvalidLocaleException
   • BCP47InvalidFallbackLocaleException

3. Canonical matching (optional)

   • Pass an array of useCanonicalMatchTags
   • Each is matched and scored:
     +100 language match, +10 region, +1 script
   • Highest score wins.
   • Same score makes the first one to have it to make a home run

4. LanguageTag VO
   Immutable, validated, Stringable & JsonSerializable.

---

📜 Supported Tags

BCP47Tag uses a precompiled static PHP snapshot of the latest IANA Language Subtag Registry to validate languages, scripts, regions, variants, and grandfathered tags. The registry is loaded once per process, kept hot in OPcache for maximum speed.

• ✅ ISO language, script, region, variants
• ✅ Grandfathered/deprecated tags (e.g., i-klingon)
• ✅ Collapsed registry ranges are auto-expanded
• ⚠️ Extensions & private-use subtags (future)

---

🧩 Key API

Method	Description
__construct(string $input, ?string $fallback, ?array $useCanonicalMatchTags)	Main entry
getInputLocale()	Original input string
getNormalized()	RFC‑5646 formatted tag
getICUformat()	Underscore variant (xx_XX)
getLanguageTag()	Returns LanguageTag VO
__toString() / jsonSerialize()	Returns normalized string

---

📜 The Official BCP 47 ABNF

The syntax tags must follow is defined by RFC 5646 in ABNF:

langtag = language
   ["-" script]
   ["-" region]
   *("-" variant)
   *("-" extension)
   ["-" privateuse]

Examples:

• ✅ en → valid
• ✅ en-US → valid
• ✅ zh-Hant-CN → valid
• ✅ i-klingon → valid (grandfathered)
• ✅ en-US-x-private → valid (extension/private use)
• ❌ en-US--US → invalid

BCP47Tag respects this ABNF, so your tags match the real spec — no hidden assumptions.

---

❓ Why is this useful?

Use cases include:

• Validating API Accept-Language headers
• Multi-regional CMS deployments
• Internationalization pipelines
• Locale-dependent services where mis-typed tags lead to silent failures

---

⚙️ Requirements

• PHP 8.3+
• ext-intl

---

🧪 Tests

composer qa

---

📌 Roadmap

• ✅ IANA Language Subtag Registry integration
• ✅ Language, script, region, variant validation
• ✅ Lazy singleton registry loader
• ✅ Static PHP snapshot of the IANA registry for ultra-fast lookups
• ✅ Canonical matching with scoring
• ✅ Typed exceptions for flow control
• ⚙️ Extension/subtag support (planned)
• ⚙️ Additional data use from IANA registry (suppress-script subtag, preferred, prefix)
• ⚙️ Auto-registry refresh script

---

📖 License

MIT

---

🔗 References

• RFC 5646 – BCP 47 ABNF
• IANA Language Subtag Registry

---

🧬 Now go and boldly canonicalize strange new tags the BCP 47 way! 🌍✨